Fibroelastosi Endomiocardica nel feto


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La Fibroelastosi Endomiocardica (FEE) sia congenita che acquisita e’ una malattia dell’endocardio
rara e scarsamente compresa etiopatogenicamente e che progressivamente porta a scompenso cardiaco e morte fetale o postnatale.
Le caratteristiche istopatologiche della FEE sono la deposizione di collagene ed elastina nell’endocardio,
l’ipertrofia ventricolare e l’ispessimento dell’endocardio.
L’eziologia dell’FEE include infezioni virali, deficienza primaria di carnitina, disordini metabolici ed ereditarieta’ ma e’ stata
anche documentata una eziologia autoimmune che in alcuni casi inizia nella vita fetale.
La risposta infiammatoria all’insulto immunologico porta alla deposizione di elastina e collageno nel miocardio con ipertrofia muscolare con
il risultato finale di ipertrofia e dilatazione ventricolare ridotta compliance ventricolare e progressivo fibrosi dell’endocardio ventricolare.
Ben documentato in letteratura e’ l’associazione tra il titolo degli anticorpi anti-Ro ed anti-La e il blocco atrioventricolare congenito (BAVC), e, in molti casi, contestualmente o successivamente, e’ stata riscontrata anche la FEE facendo supporre una causalita’ del BAVC sulla FEE.
Sembra pero’ che la FEE debba avere un meccanismo patogenetico diverso da quello del BAVC perche’ sono descritti casi di BAVC senza FEE e casi isolati di FEE senza BAVC nelle gestati portatrici di autoanticorpi anche in assenza di manifestazioni cliniche di malattia autoimmune.
Pertanto e’ suggerito, in gravidanze con alto titolo di anti-Ro ed anti-La, un monitoraggio cardiologico attento della conduzione atrioventricolare e della struttura e funzione ventricolare, al fine di instaurare, se indicato, un trattamento antinfiammatorio con corticosteroidi che in molti casi hanno evitato lo sviluppo del BAVC e il controllo dello scompenso fetale.

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