Don Hagler ( Mayo Clinic ), Steve Sanders ( H. Pediatrico Bambino Gesu’, Roma ) and myself ( Universita’ di Parma ) are glad and proud to present the next Edition of the Parma Echo Meeting.

The concept of the fetus as a patient should not be understood in terms of the independent moral status of the fetus, i.e., some feature(s) of the fetus that, independently of other entities e including the pregnant woman, the physician, and the state - generates obligations of others to it.